Organizational Culture and Decision Making

Organizational Culture and Decision Making Introduction. Decision making is an important part to operator a company successfully, in the same time the organizational culture also can influence the company somehow, and the organizational culture can been considered as the centre theme of the whole company because of it describe and explain what the company is and what the company need to do. Decision making also can be influenced by the organizational culture. The concept of organizational culture To define organizational culture, people should understand what culture means in a society. In a broad sense, culture is the summation of spiritual values and material values which was recognized and formed in the historical activities of the society.In a narrow sense, culture is the ideology and the organization, rules which matched with it. But the organizational culture is different from the culture in traditional meaning, and it is the result of effect from serval elements such as the awareness, character, habit of the member in the organization and their scientific and cultural level(See Schien,1985).Organizational culture is the beliefs and values that are shared. As such, the culture prescribe what is true, and describe and, therefore, the goals one ought to pursue and how one should go about pursuing them.(Beyer,1981) And the organizational culture is based on the organization, and forming with the organization or dying with the organization, it exist no matter it has been pr esented.(Nystrom W. H. Starbuck) As a kind of culture which formed in a organization, organizational culture can be influenced by the managers, and that is why the organizational culture is a part of management. It is based on the organizational values, (Wikipedia, Organizational culture, 2010) and the organizational values is ruled and controlled by the manager-CEO(Chief Executive Officer). In the other words, the organizational culture is created by the CEO. There are several types of organizational culture, and they can be classified by several methods. According to Geert Hofstedes research on IBMs employees in different parts of the world. He identified four dimensions of culture. 1.Power distance 2.Uncertainty avoidance 3.Individualism vs. Collectivism 4.Masculinity vs. Femininity.(Hofstede G. 1980). On the other hand, there are some elements of organizational culture People and empowerment focused Value creation through innovation and change Attention to the basics, hands-on management, Doing the right thing, Freedom to grow and to fail, Commitment and personal responsibility, Emphasis on the future. (Wikipedia,Organizational culture, 2010) All of these elements are important in the forming process of organizational culture, and they can not be copied so each organizational culture is unique and an organizational culture is improving all the time The effect of organizational culture on decision making Since the definition of organizational culture has been gave, it has become more easy to analysis the relationship between organizational culture and decision making. There is no doubt that the decisions were made by the empolyee in the organization, according to the definition of organizational culture, the organizational culture influence the member.Organizational culture can be divided into strong organizational cultures and weak organizational cultures. A strong organizational culture means the organizational culture can influence the organization more deeply than weak organizational culture. Whether organizational culture is strong or weak can be relate to the original culture, the scale of the organization, the liquidity of employees and the employee. As a result, a strong culture can decide how the staffs who have a unitive attitude respond to the stimulus, on the other hand,with a weak culture of the organization, staffs have different attitudes and responds. That means a same decision can make different effects in two organization if the organizational cultures are differentin the organization with a strong culture, the decision would be accepted easily,and in the organization with a weak culture, the staffs may doubt the decision and that make the decision implement hard. (CambellNash,1992) So, the organizational culture influences decisions by its members and the way in which it influences its members acceptance or rejection of the decision. That means when the manager making decision, he or she must consider more thing to ensure the decision can work out efficient. As a organization, especially a organization with a strong organizational culture, organizational culture can limit the managers choices to make decision to manage his or her management function. Because the organizational culture establish the regulations about what people should do or should not do. Although the regulations are not write down, even not explicit or people do not talk about, they are exist and influence people all the time. The first hypothesis is that different groups can be demonstrated to have different degrees of culture fragmentation, and that this will either reflect or be reflected in their general well-being and success in pursuit of their goals.(Lee Roy Beach 1998) Decision making in organizations is accomplished by application of both the compatibility test and the profitability test, in precisely the same way as for individual decision makers.(Lee Roy Beach, 1998) This is because the organizational culture, vision, and strategic plans are possessed by its members; there is no organizational mind that retains there images and makes decisions(Beach, 1990) There are many commons in individual decision making between organizational decision making. All of the two type of decision maker must consider about environment, the whole plan of the business, and the danger. But decision making in an organization can be more difficult, because the decision can bring changes, and members of this organization may have resist or welcome two completely different attitude. In turn to conservative, nostalgia, maintain organization, people always based on past the criterion for judging now decisions, always worried in change will lose what will occur, thus to dou bt and fear and changes of psychology and behavior; organ-tissues Conversely, in a pioneering, innovation atmosphere organization, people always with the development the judgement to analysis and decision of rationality, always hope in May produce change, so eager to get what changes, welcome change, support changes. Obviously, welcome change of organizational culture conducive to the implementation of the new decision, and resist change of organizational culture may give any new decision-making implementation disastrous effects. In the latter case, in order to effectively implement the new decision through a lot of work, must first change organization member attitudes, establishing a conducive to change of organizational culture. How an organizational culture enhance a company The organizational culture is core of a organization. For example, the worlds first brand-Coca-Cola Company. Its boss said: Even today all of my factory all destroyed, tomorrow I also can easily built a new one Coca-Cola. That is because the Coca-Colas organizational culture give him the confidence. The general organizational culture is creative and focus on customer. All the decision making processes must focus on these two points. In China, Coca-Cola set up its brands such as Allen su and Qoo to pander to Chinese customer, even Coca-Cola has become the leader of the drink, but they still not give up creating. In 1995 German, the management of Coca-Cola decided to set up a new subsidiary corporation to produce a kind of new drink-koke light and diet koke. That was a result of the organizational culture influence,and the koke light has become the third drink brand in the world. Another example of Coca-Cola organizational culture is the found of Fanta. In World War II, a Coca-Cola fac tory in German insisted produced coke during the war, even the headquarter of Coca-Cola did not know they were still working. But because the shortage of raw materials, they decided to use other materials to produce another orange soda drink, and what make them surprise is the drink achieved a great success and earned a number of profits. This decision made Coca-Cola reborn in European, principals use of these funds, and assisted other European territory Coca-Cola drink plant rebuilding operation, for Coca-Cola postwar market solid foundation. While Fanta was also corporation acceptance, in the 1950s officially launched. (Wikipedia, Fanta, 2010) That is why the organizational culture makes Coca-Cola become the first drink brand whose share of market is 48% in the world. How the organizational culture can save a company Organizational culture not only can make Coca-Cola maintain its overlordship in the market but also can save a small company from the predicament of going bankrupt. In 1980s, Haier is a company which only had a little factory and a backward product line, even worse the small company had debt of over ÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¥1.4 million. The Zhang Ruimin took over the company and pushed new management methods, put the attention on creativity. After years hard working, Zhang managed to create a new organizational culture, it made Haier refleash on the stage. As a result of focus on creativity, Haier produced more than 200 types including 13 areas. Now, Haier build more than 29 factory and 8 research centre. In 2008,Haier was appraised as the first brand of Chinese consumer electronics industry. Haier brand topped the top two consecutive years, reflect the Haiers international influence. (Jeannie Jinsheng Yi,Shawn Xian Ye, 2003) How can the organizational culture undermine decisionmaking On the other hand, an organizational culture not only can benefits a lot for a organization but also destroy an organization. Motorola, one of three world communication leaders, it can be recognized as the origin of the mobile phone and telecommunication. Almost all the modern communication technologies can refer to the contributions of Motorola, and Motorola had the largest share of market. But in recent years, the sale performance of Motorola keeps dropping, and the lack of creative lead to the product is repetitive and no advantage when compared with other same kind of products from other company. In an interview of Business Weekly, the CEO of Motorola-Greg Brow summarized the reasons. He said;Among the departments of lack of a free flowing communication. We need to quickly and no filtering the level of free flow of information flow, rather than information is divided into different levels. We should be in technology and products trends as soon as possible to face reality.Successf ul enterprise could hear sounds from both within and outside the enterprise. They are not only depending on technical level, level or search process, but different opinions, and seeking and user most close to the practical needs. They zhongsheng in observing the whole to the developing tendency of the market continuously, and examine the enterprise internal execution and resilience.(Business Weekly ,2009) From the interview, it is not hard to see the organizational culture made the negative effect on the decision making which lead Motrorla went downhill. The overconfidence and wrong forces on the requirement of customer results the share of market decreased from 100% to 4% in 1995 ,and in 1998, the Nokia announced they has become the biggest electric communication company in the world. The three examples of how the organizational culture affect on the decision making, all showed the organizational culture plays an important role in decision making. The managers should adjust the decision to blend in the organizational culture or make decision according to the organizational culture, only this way can make the decision work out more successfully and efficiently. Conclusion In this essay, it is not hard to understand the organizational culture is so important that it can influence the development of the company in the future. An organizational culture can be strong or weak, a weak organizational culture makes the cohesive force low in enterprises, and a strong organizational culture makes more influence than a weak organizational culture, but that does not mean the organizational culture is more stronger is better.The organizational culture affects the decision making in two ways, one way is the organizational culture influences the atmosphere in the organization or encourage the staffs and direct them how to achieve the goals. Another way is to establish the regulations, it may make employees act more carefully in the organization, but it also limits the vision of employees to make right decision.

An Encounter with Prostitution Essay -- Prostitutes Prostitution Descr

An Encounter with Prostitution It was a busy Saturday afternoon at the Sea-tec Mall, many different people walking in and out of the large department stores and inside the interior of the mall. However, the vast majority of people walking among the mall were groups of young teenage girls. The mall has become the major hangout for teenagers, where both males and females roam to show themselves off to people of the opposite sex. I noticed two girls at the food court, where they were in line waiting to buy coffee from Starbucks. One of them, whom I shall call Melissa, was approximately twenty years old. She was wearing a white cotton tank top and a pair of denim shorts. Her long, golden brown hair was tied in a tight ponytail that cascaded down the middle of her back. A pair of blue-framed sunglasses with highly reflective lenses rested delicately on the top of her head. Her blue eyes shined brightly as she looked around the mall, looking for anyone she might recognize. Her skin was soft and delicate, obviously pampered by lotions and cremes, most likely bought at â€Å"Bed, Bath, and Beyond.† Her feet were encased in socks and a pair of white sneakers, so clean they seemed new. This girl was extremely attractive, and her attire suggested she was ready to show her attractiveness to the teenage males also roaming the mall. The second female, whom I shall call Stephanie, was dressed much more conservatively. Stephanie wore a pale-blue t-shirt and a pair of tight denim j...

Economic Recovery Post-Depression: The New Deal

Roosevelt's New Deal The Great Depression started in the United states but spread into a worldwide economic down-turn. The stock market crash of 1929 caused Billions of dollars to be lost along with thousands of investors. It was the â€Å"deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world up to that time†(Stock Market Crash). Some say that this was a starting cause of the Great Depression. Over 20,000 banks failed. On average â€Å"one out of four†(Living New Deal) of Americans were out of work by 1933. If people aren't working families go hungry.Some had it harder in the Dust Bowl. In Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas kids wore dusk masks and farmers watched their crops blow away. Years of drought and poor farming technique created these problems and the dust that blew in to homes. In 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt after his election put in place reforms for economic recovery, job creation, and civic uplift to reverse the effects of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression called the New Deal. The New Deal offered economic recovery through the Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC) and several other programs.These programs aided the bankrupt local and state governments and â€Å"injected a huge amount of federal spending to bolster aggregate incomes and demand†(Living New Deal) . This program helped refinance mortgages so people could stay in their homes. The SEC provided emergency relief to families to help support them when many Americans couldn't support themselves. The agricultural and industry prices where stabilized. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA) introduced codes for fair competition and guaranteed labor rights. On the other hand the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) provided funding to farmers to supplement their crop production.President Roosevelt's New Deal created new jobs through the â€Å"ground work† (Kelber) created by the American Federation of Lab or (AFL) . Through the instability of the economy â€Å"one out of four†(Living New Deal) Americans were unemployed and because â€Å"private industry was in a state of collapse†(Kelber) the government took charge fixing things with the â€Å"greatest and most successful job-creating effort in American history†(Kelber). Without work many went hungry and it affected their families as mothers and fathers watched their children starve.Agencies provided millions with jobs and saved families. They also recognized the right for workers to create ad have unions. The Public Works Administration (PWA) build thousand of highways, bridges, hospitals, schools, theaters, libraries, city halls,homes post, offices ,airports, and parks many are still in use; putting hundreds of thousands of people to work. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) gave millions of unskilled workers jobs building Gymnasiums, brailling books, or even stuffing rare birds. Many criticized these proje cts but they put in place necessary facilities.The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) every city across the country touching the lives of people and changed the public atmosphere. The men and women who worked in these corps believed they were setting the foundation for a greater society. They planted trees, built public parks, drained swamps to fight malaria, restocked rivers with fish, worked on flood control projects, and worked to conserve the environment. Their work â€Å"dramatically changed the future†(CCC Legacy). Roosevelt's reforms saved a nation and gave it a glimmer of hope that the future would be brighter when the present was bleak.Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation(FDIC), National Labor Relations Board(NLRB), and Social Security Administration are still in use today. Though their present feels like it has always been there it is hard to believe they are only eighty years old. Through their existence America was able to over come the great depression. It's hard to imagine what our country would be like with out them. Works Cited â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt – American Heritage Center, Inc. † Franklin D. Roosevelt – American Heritage Center, Inc. Franklin D. Roosevelt American Heritage Center, Inc. 2006. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. Kelber, Harry. â€Å"How the New Deal Created Millions of Jobs To Lift the American People from Depression. †Ã‚  How the New Deal Created Millions of Jobs To Lift the American People from Depression. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Living New Deal. † Living New Deal. University of California, 2012. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. Nelson, Cary. â€Å"The Great Depression. † The Great Depression. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Stock Market Crash of 1929. † History. com. A&E Television Networks, n. d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Welcome to CCC Legacy. †Ã‚  Ccclegacy. Ralph and Mary Halbert, n. d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013.

Annotated Bibliography Of George Boos - 1818 Words

Annotated Bibliography Boas, George. â€Å"Fact and Legend in the Biography of Plato.† The Philosophical Review, vol. 57, no. 5, 1948, pp. 439–457. JSTOR. Web. 1 November 2017. George Boas’ article include many important dates and facts about Plato early life and how they all contributed to his literature works. According to Boas, Plato had a father name Ariston and his father was dead at the time of Socrates’s trial (440). Plato was born on the first year of 88th Olympiad, on the seventh day of Thargelion. Dated to be on May 22, 427 B.C. (442). His birth place was assumed to be in Aegina, Athens according to Boas only source of findings. Plato was first name Aristocles and later changed to Plato by his gymnastic teacher because of his†¦show more content†¦1, 2000, p. 1. Accessed 1 Nov. 2017. Dougal Blyth’s article provide arguments of Plato’s own aims in writing the Apology that presents the judicial proceedings that led to Socrates’s execution. The author suggests that Socrates’ execution in having the opposite significance to the superficial legal meaning. Even though many writers have asserted the justified irony involves in Socrates’s defense for not telling the truth, the author argue that Plato presents Socrates as committed to making as sincere an attempt at a defense of his case as is consistent with his philosophical commitment to virtue, and so to telling the truth (2). Socrates as mention by the author acknowledge the obligation to defend himself and the difficulty he faces. Socrates is obliged to say that the jurors prejudice against him. However, Socrates trusts in his daimonion, in the gods, and in his own virtue to assure an eventually good outcome for this he was not bitter and depends upon the fact that he does speak the truth in accordance with justice in order to fulfill his obligation to defend himself. This leads to the raises of the issue of the appropriateness of the legal system and of the jurors to their own allotted roles. Blyth further suggest Plato’s aim of the Apology was more than just presentation of the philosopher, his activity, and its principles. Socrates’s defense case is re-presenting unjust prejudice, since Platos Apology cannot retrospectively influence the court,