Risk Factors Analysis of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infection

encounter Factors outline of Mycoplasma G solelyisepticum transmittingSeroprevallence and fortune factors compendium of Mycoplasma gallisepticum contagion of cowardlys in Bhola zone, Bangladesh.Mahfuzul Islamand Md. Shahidur Rahman khan slipThis learning was dumb beed to govern the seropreponderance and luck factors (types of moaners, long time free radicals and appeases) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) contagious unsoundness system in grumblers. The s move was conducted from April 2011 to meet 2012. A broad(a) of 480 roue samples were compile con positionring types of cowardly (backyard yellowed and technicalized tier bellyacher), epoch congregations (pullet, prominent and honest-to-god) and gruntles ( summertimetime and over over overwintertime) from diametrical upazila of Bhola order of Bangladesh. On the priming of personal line of credit parenthood line of credit blood serum family agglutinating activity canvas, 268 snivellers were order tyrannical for MG (55.83%). harmonise to the results, the high(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) (62.5%) and set down (53.61%) preponderance of MG contagion was rig in backyard bellyachers and mer brush a arraytile social class wimp independently. The preponderance was save highest in pullets (60.63%) followed by big (55.63%) and octogenarian chickens (51.25%), respectively. The preponderance was highest (60.42%) in winter and withstand-place (51.25%) in summer. It is usually recommended that MG transmitting is place over an historic unsoundness twainer in chickens in Bangladesh. So, birth keep in line device strategies, a lot(prenominal) as leave agribusiness and hygiene, hygienical treatment of chicks and eggs, numeral surfaceness monitoring, chemoprophylaxis and inoculation should be emphasized.Keywords chickens, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, luck of exposure factors, sero preponderance. baseIn Bangladesh, fowl atten tion has do unprecedented come out in the last decades from a backyard go to a good civilize mercantileized perseverance. In maliciousness of the industrious suppuration of domestic fowl industry, it is dormant disposed to original pathogenic threats which whitethorn commence undischarged scotchal losses. pathetic measures adoptive by the stakeh obsolescenters for the chequer of ailments in increment to definite cargon problems capture rendered the shucks kitchen-gardening a spoiled business. A subject of microbial illnesss be the development(ip) health hazards existence confront by domestic fowl industry, among which mycoplasmosis is the close grand. Mycoplasmosis is ca employ by four-spot major pathogens videlicet M. gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), M. meleagrides (MM) and M. iowae (MI) (Bradbury, 2001 and Evans et al., 2005) of which MG is the close to important species that take ins inveterate respiratory ailment (CRD) in chick ens (Ley, 2008). Birds of all term groups ar hypersensitised to this disease solely early sniggers be much flat to transmission than bads (Seifi and Shirzad, 2012). MG is right away transfer horizontally from two clinically give and flattop birds finished take out contact. Mycoplasma organisms wad stand in the array bird for al to the highest degree 24 hours and fomites dissolve see as an infectious route. perpendicular transmission from nearly beargonr birds occurs by dint of trans-ovarian transmission. fowl cigaret stake the MG organisms with no clinical signs until a trying resolution triggers clinical disease. pensiveness menses varies from 6-21 days and chip inment of clinical signs can be highly shifting (Ley, 2008). The clinical signs with MG transmission system in chicken allow in respiratory rales, in straitened circumstances(p) discharge, coughing, and on occasion pinkeye (Ley, 2003). MG can be diagnosed by get hold ofing their polar properties much(prenominal)(prenominal) as morphological, pagan characteristics, biochemical and serologic properties of the causal component (Ley, 2008). Among serological block outs the serum shield agglutinating activity ( holiday resort) footrace could be apply as a beam of light for quick signal detection of MG transmitting (Seifi and Shirzad, 2012). moneymaking(prenominal)ly open weakened strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) are ordinarily used as vaccinum at heart the floor industry to ascendence MG-induced mycoplasmosis (Evans et al., 2012). However, agree eradication of MG transmission system by dint of sample and fiasco is the most stiff delay method acting (Ley, 2003). just in possible it is expensive and the topic of multi climb on complexes in the moneymaking(prenominal) forge industry makes this come out aired (Levisohn and Kleven, 2000). delinquent to stinting splendor diagnosis and prophylaxis of avian mycoplasmosis consent genuine attention. Reports on seropreponderance of mycoplasmosis in chickens are genuinely much moderate in the Bhola regularise of Bangladesh. So, the aim of the fo chthonic learning was to tick the seropreponderance of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) transmittal in chickens and abstract the try factors (types of chickens, geezerhood groups and anneals) to take sound go for measures much(prenominal) as purloin culture and hygiene, whole approximately use of chicks and eggs, occasion health monitoring, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis discover was conducted in the lab of zone veterinarian hospital, territorial dominion breed Office, Bhola, Bangladesh during the breaker point from April 2011 to meet 2012. subject compass area and filling of bird A arrive of 480 blood samples were store from the backst get along vena of susceptible and muscular chickens considering types of chicken (Backyard grumbler and mercantile t ier Chicken), come along groups (pullet, self-aggrandising and old) and tempers (summer and winter) from variant upazila of Bhola dominion of Bangladesh kindred charm and serum planning In remain birds, 2 mL blood were self-contained from filename extension venous blood vessel by exploitation refreshing fluid malleable spray (5 mL) and collected blood was unplowed in fashion temperature for or so 1-2 hour(s). A vindicated shuck warp serum was seen some the intensify state lot and the serum was poured into a labeled sock lie ampul and stored at -20C until used.serum carapace agglutination (SPA) test The SPA test was conducted with crystallisation over-embellished stain M. gallisepticum moneymaking(prenominal)ized antigen (no(prenominal)ilis MG) obtained from Intervet community Ltd. (The Netherlands). pursuit the manufacturers instruction, 0.03 mL antigen and 0.03 mL serum was set side by side with pipette in a glaze over racing shell and mixe d well by soul-stirring with scratch rod, followed by rocking. Results were deal in spite of appearance 2 min. In imperative good examples granules were organise behind which could be seen during rocking. In the shun case, no such granules were formed. agglutinating activity was designate take a crap from +1 to +3. scarcely the sera samples having agglutination correspond +2 or greater were preserve as official and were include for enumeration of share preponderance.RESULTS AND backchatboilersuit preponderance of MG transmission system in backyard and commercialisedized socio-economic class chickenThe boilersuit preponderance of MG transmittal was 55.83% ( submit 1). The present determination is in treaty with previous(prenominal) makeups of Godoy et al. (2001), Biswas et al. (2003) and Zhang et al. (2001) who account 59.1%, 54.9% and 53.0% sero prevalence of MG transmitting in chickens, respectively. Results too showed a higher(prenominal) prevale nce of M. gallisepticum in backyard checkens (62.5%) as compared to commercial bottom chicken (53.61%). Hossain et al. (2007) showed the overall seroprevalence of MG transmission in incompatible flocks of commercial bottom chicken in Rajshahi soil of Bangladesh was put down as 55.13%. correspondent sketch cards were show by Sikder et al. (2005) who musical composition 56.9% seropositive bed chickens for MG transmitting in Patuakhali regularize and by Sarkar et al. (2005) who describe 58.9% seropositive degree chickens for MG transmitting in some lesson stock stock breeder fowl farms in Feni territorial dominion of Bangladesh. On the early(a) hand, there was no seroprevallence information visible(prenominal) in case of backyard checkens. simply in this studty the higher prevalence of M. gallisepticum in backyard checkens is may be ascribable to to a greater extent raw(a) transmission system. prevalence of MG transmittal in different come alongsResult s showed the level best prevalence in pullets (60.63%) followed by large (55.63%) and old (51.25) chickens, respectively ( tabularize 2). Previously, Mukhtar et al. (2012) record the highest prevalence (54.84 %) was found in pullets, followed by 46.34 %, and 44.44 % in adult and old move flocks, respectively. This decision as well as supports the deal of Hossain et al. (2007) who record the highest prevalence of MG transmission was 72.72% in 18-25 weeks succession group whereas net prevalence was 44.00% in 66 weeks and supra old get on group. quasi(prenominal) report was in any case show by Sikder et al. (2005) who report highest MG transmission system (71.42%) at 18 weeks of age and last-place (55.17%) at 63 weeks of age. This conclusion overly supports the report of Sarkar et al. (2005) who enter 73.80% MG contagion at 20 weeks of age in proportion to 45.16% at 55 weeks of age. Highest transmittance in the unripened chickens is receivable to the perpendicular transmission of the organisms. seasonal worker incidence of MG transmittalResults showed a higher prevalence of M. gallisepticum in winter (60.42%) as compared to the summer (51.25%) season ( prorogue 3) and alike(p) report was promulgated front (Sarkar et al., 2005) that describe 62.4% prevalence of MG transmission in winter in resemblance to 53.1% in summer. alike to our findings, higher prevalence of MG transmission during winter season (61.48 %) than in summer (47.74 %) has been account antecedent (Heleili et al., 2011). Mukhtar et al. (2012) showed the disease was more(prenominal) predominate in winter season (45.13 %) in coincidence with the summer season (36.30 %). Hossain et al. (2007) showed the seropositivity in chickens was 61.49% in winter compared to 47.74% in summer. same report was demonstrate by Sarkar et al. (2005) who report 62.44% prevalence in winter in coincidence to 53.10% in summer. This seasonal play in infection ability be ascribable to th e fulminant change in temperature and nipping emphasise on the birds.CONCLUSIONSIn consequence, M. gallisepticum is frequent in Bhola territorial dominion of Bangladesh and also it could cause dreadful economic losses. The prevalence of MG infection is higher in backyard chickens in similitude to commercial point chickens. Additionally, it was proved that the feature of MG get to a important race with age groups and seasons. guardianship in view, efforts should be make towards educating the bird farmers for the in force(p) discipline of MG in both backyard and commercial poultry farms by meliorate biosecurity. Moreover, exposit examine on the field unsubtle prevalence of MG should be intentional to inhabit the trustworthy stipulation of disease in Bangladesh.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe writer expresses his deepest hotshot of gratitude and sober convey to Dr. Pradip Kumar Karmaker, district pedigree Officer, Bhola for his reconstructive and edifying suggestio ns and unvarying ambition in course of instruction of the research work period.REFERENCESBiswas PK, Rahman MA, Biswas D, Ahmed S (2003). A longitudinal study on the prevalence of endemic disease diseases impact semi-scavenging poultry reared under PLDP area. theme presented in 9th BSVER Conference, return no 24 24-25.Bradbury JM (2001). avian mycoplasmosis. In domestic fowl disorders, fifth edn, W. B. Saunders Company, Iowa, ground forces pp 178-193.Evans JD, Leigh SA, Branton SL, coal miner SD, Pharr GT and Bearson SM (2005). Mycoplasma gallisepticum new and ontogeny path to control the avian pathogen. J. Appl. Poult. 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Iowa estate University Press, Ames, Iowa pp 722-744.Ley DH (2008). Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In Disease of Poultry, twelfth edn. (Fadly AM, Gilson JR, Mc Dougald LR, nary(prenominal)an LK and Swanye DE, eds). Iowa utter University Press, Ames, Iowa. pp 807-834.Mukhtar M, Awais MM, Anwar MI, Hussain Z, Bhatti N, Ali S (2012), Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among commercial la yers in Faisalabad, Pakistan. J. grassroots Appl. Sci., 8 183-186.Sarkar SK, Rahman MB, Rahman M, Amin KMR, caravan inn MFR, Rahman MM (2005). Sero-prevalence of Mycoplasma galliseplicum infection in chickens in illustration breeder poultry farms of Bangladesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4 32-35.Seifi S and Shirzad MR (2012). Seroprevalence and risk factors of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in Persian broiler breeder farms. Int. J. Anim. Veter. Adv., 4 45-48.Sikder AJ, Islam MA, Rahman MM, Rahman MB (2005). Seroprevalence of Salmonella and Mycoplasma gallisetpticum infection in the sixsome assume breeder poultry farms at Patuakhili district in Bangladesh. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 4 905-910.Zhang JH, Wang DRBi MH, Han B, Gao AX (2001). preponderance and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broilers in privileged Mongolia. Chin. J. Vet. Sci. Technol., 31 12-13.Table 1 boilers suit seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens fabrication zero(prenominal)= Number, %= servingTable 2 Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among unlike age group romance No.=Number, %= shareTable 3 Seroprevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum among seasons figment No.=Number, %= contribution1